Koststudier

A ketogenic diet reduces amyloid beta 40 and 42 in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease

Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily strikes the elderly. Studies in both humans and animal models have linked the consumption of cholesterol and saturated fats with amyloid-ß (Aß) deposition and development of AD. Yet, these studies did not examine high fat diets in combination with reduced carbohydrate intake. Here we tested the effect of a high saturated fat/low carbohydrate diet on a transgenic mouse model of AD.

Evolution, proteinrik kost och insulinresistens - ett alternativ till hypotesen om the thrifty genotype

Varför drabbas så många av typ 2 diabetes och metabola syndromet? En populär och av många vedertagen förklaring är hypotesen om The thrifty genotype. I denna artikel visar Janette Brand Miller och Stephen Colagiuri att denna hypotes bygger på osäkra antaganden. I stället lägger de fram principen om The carnivore connection som en alternativ förklaringsmodell.

Control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes without weight loss by modification of diet.

Over the past several years our research group has taken a systematic, comprehensive approach to determining the effects on body function (hormonal and nonhormonal) of varying the amounts and types of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in the diet. We have been particularly interested in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes. Our objective has been to develop a diet for people with type 2 diabetes that does not require weight loss, oral agents, or insulin, but that still controls the blood glucose concentration. Our overall goal is to enable the person with type 2 diabetes to control their blood glucose by adjustment in the composition rather than the amount of food in their diet.

Effect of a High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Blood Glucose Control in People With Type 2 Diabetes.

There has been interest in the effect of various types and amounts of dietary carbohydrates and proteins on blood glucose. On the basis of our previous data, we designed a high-protein/low-carbohydrate, weight-maintaining, nonketogenic diet. Its effect on glucose control in people with untreated type 2 diabetes was determined.

Insulin Sensitivity Determines the Effectiveness of Dietary Macronutrient Composition on Weight Loss in Obese Women

Successful dietary interventions are based on a significant reduction in caloric intake, relative to energy expenditure. The question of whether the macronutrient composition of hypocaloric diets has an impact on the effectiveness of these diets, however, has gained substantial interest with the popularization of low-carbohydrate (CHO) (LC), hypocaloric dietary regimens.

Pennington: Treatment of OBESITY with Calorically UNRESTRICTED DIETS

It is well known that weight reduction requires a limitation of the caloric intake to a level below that of the caloric expenditure. This limitation is usually effected by conscious restraint of the appetite but there appears to be reason for believing that it can also be accomplished by physiological forces which, being brought to bear upon the appetite, regulate it so that weight is lost without the necessity for enforcing caloric restriction.

Volek, Feinman: Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) represents a constellation of markers that indicates a predisposition to diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other pathologic states. The definition and treatment are a matter of current debate and there is not general agreement on a precise definition or, to some extent, whether the designation provides more information than the individual components. We consider here five indicators that are central to most definitions and we provide evidence from the literature that these are precisely the symptoms that respond to reduction in dietary carbohydrate (CHO).

William S Yancy Jr, Marjorie Foy, Allison M Chalecki, Mary C Vernon and Eric C Westman: A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes

The LCKD improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes such that diabetes medications were discontinued or reduced in most participants. Because the LCKD can be very effective at lowering blood glucose, patients on diabetes medication who use this diet should be under close medical supervision or capable of adjusting their medication.

A. Adam-Perrot, P. Clifton and F. Brouns: Low-carbohydrate diets: nutritional and physiological aspects

Recently, diets low in carbohydrate content have become a matter of international attention because of the WHO recommendations to reduce the overall consumption of sugars and rapidly digestible starches. One of the common metabolic changes assumed to take place when a person follows a low-carbohydrate diet is ketosis. Low-carbohydrate intakes result in a reduction of the circulating insulin level, which promotes high level of circulating fatty acids, used for oxidation and production of ketone bodies. It is assumed that when carbohydrate availability is reduced in short term to a significant amount, the body will be stimulated to maximize fat oxidation for energy needs.

Effects of Low-Carbohydrate vs Low-Fat Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

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Low-carbohydrate diets have become increasingly popular for weight loss. However, evidence from individual trials about benefits and risks of these diets to achieve weight loss and modify cardiovascular risk factors is preliminary.

Boden: Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

In a small group of obese patients with type 2 diabetes, a low-carbohydrate diet followed for 2 weeks resulted in spontaneous reduction in energy intake to a level appropriate to their height; weight loss that was completely accounted for by reduced caloric intake; much improved 24-hour blood glucose profiles, insulin sensitivity, and hemoglobin A1c; and decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The long-term effects of this diet, however, remain uncertain.

Willett: Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: NO

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In short-term studies, a modest reduction in body weight is typically seen in individuals assigned to diets with a lower percentage of calories from fat. However, compensatory mechanisms appear to operate because in studies lasting for one year or longer, fat consumption within the range of 18–40% of energy has little, if any, effect on body fatness. Therefore, the use of short-term studies to predict long-term effects of fat reduction on body weight is completely misleading. Diets high in fat are not the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in our society, and the failure of a reduction in the percentage of energy from fat to reduce obesity in Western populations is consistent with the results of long-term randomized trials. Unfortunately, the emphasis on total fat reduction has been a serious distraction in efforts to control obesity and improve health in general.

Dashti: Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients

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The data presented in the present study showed that a ketogenic diet acted as a natural therapy for weight reduction in obese patients. This is a unique study monitoring the effect of a ketogenic diet for 24 weeks. There was a significant decrease in the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and glucose, and a significant increase in the level of HDL cholesterol in the patients. The side effects of drugs commonly used for the reduction of body weight in such patients were not observed in patients who were on the ketogenic diet. Therefore, these results indicate that the administration of a ketogenic diet for a relatively long period of time is safe. Further studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms of a ketogenic diet are in progress in our laboratory. These studies will open new avenues into the potential therapeutic uses of a ketogenic diet and ketone bodies.

Feinman: When is a high fat diet not a high fat diet?

The long range implication of Van de Auweras study for AD remains to be seen but the general lesson is that in dietary recommendations or in testing animal models a diet should not be characterized as high fat without also specifying the level of carbohydrate.

Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women

These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. Substituting nonhydrogenated polyunsaturated fatty acids for trans fatty acids would likely reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes substantially.

The Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Regimen on Glycemic Control and Serum Lipids in Diabetes Mellitus

In conclusion, a multi-component diabetes program, including a low-carbohydrate diet and intensive medication therapy, appears efficacious for normalizing hemoglobin A1c and improving lipid profiles in motivated patients. By limiting the inputs of carbohydrate and insulin, this program may provide a model for achieving excellent glycemic control without hypoglycemia. Due to these favorable findings, further controlled investigation into the effects of this approach appear in order.

Diet-Induced Weight Loss Is Associated with Decreases in Plasma Serum Amyloid A and C-Reactive Protein Independent of Dietary Macronutrient Composition in Obese Subjects

Finally, the results demonstrate significant correlations of weight loss with favorable changes in more traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure and plasma triglycerides.

Carbohydrate-Induced Memory Impairment in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

In adults with type 2 diabetes, poorer glycemic control is associated with lower performance on tests of declarative memory. Acute ingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrate foods further contributes to the underlying memory impairment.

Carbohydrate Intake, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Dietary Fiber in Relation to Risk of Stroke in Women

In summary, our results provide evidence that high intake of refined carbohydrate may increase risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women and that the deleterious effect is stronger among those who are overweight or obese.

A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women

In summary, our findings suggest that a high intake of rapidly digested and absorbed carbohydrate increases the risk of CHD independent of conventional coronary disease risk factors. These data add to the concern that the current low-fat, highcarbohydrate diet recommended in the United States may not be optimal for the prevention of CHD and could actually increase the risk in individuals with high degrees of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.

The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management

Low carbohydrate diet compares more favorably, at least over the short term, to traditional low fat for improving glycemic control, insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia of diabetes with reduction in triglycerides, increase in HDL cholesterol and modification of LDL to less atherogenic form.

Kopp: The atherogenic potential of dietary carbohydrate.

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High-carbohydrate diets, particularly in the form of high-glycemic index carbohydrate, have the ability to directly induce atherosclerosis. Based on anthropologic facts, the reason for these dietary-induced, insulin-mediated, atherogenic metabolic perturbations are suggested to be an insufficient adaptation to starch and sugars during human evolution. Restriction of insulinogenic food (starch and sugars) may help to prevent the development of atherosclerosis, one of the most common and costliest human diseases.

Seshadri: A Randomized Study Comparing the Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Conventional Diet on Lipoprotein Subfractions and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Severe Obesity

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In summary, we found a low-carbohydrate diet to have a more beneficial effect on large VLDL concentration and inflammation in high-risk subjects, but with an increased presence of chylomicrons, as compared with a conventional diet. Both diets had similar beneficial effects on LDL and HDL subfractions.

Cheung: The cardiovascular continuum in Asia--a new paradigm for the metabolic syndrome.

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Atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure are cardiovascular complications in a continuum that begins with risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. These particular cardiovascular risk factors commonly occur together in obese individuals as components of the metabolic syndrome. In Asia, there is a trend toward an increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Abdominal adiposity is arguably the key factor underlying the development of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. It is now known that adipose tissues secrete adipokines, and in obese subjects, there is a chronic low-grade inflammation. The inflammation and the associated endothelial dysfunction are reversible in the early stages. The Asian diet is low in animal fat but high in carbohydrates. Recent studies suggest that lowcarbohydrate diets are more effective than low fat diets in inducing weight loss, suggesting that excessive carbohydrate rather than fat is the cause of obesity. Strategies to combat cardiovascular disease should now focus on tackling the epidemic of obesity and developing innovative and effective lifestyle and pharmacological interventions.